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Illustrative formula but not mathematical: STM = S + TM = T + SM = M + ST [spacetimematter = space + timematter = time + spacematter = matter + spacetime] M + ST is concerning macroscopic conditions. If - M, + ST matter loses then spacetime profit, it is distance - perspective, objects decrease with distance - ordinary contraction. If + M, - ST matter profit then spacetime loses, it is bringing closer - perspective, objects increase in progress of bringing closer - ordinary dilatation. S + TM is concerning microscopic conditions. If - TM, + S timematter loses then space profit, it leads to waves and fields. If - S, + TM space loses then timematter profit, it leads to particles.
(year 2011)
2. Quantum gravity How to build new theory I have shown in my article from March of 2006:"we must understand that modern quantum mechanics (which was started with idea of quantums in 1900 and 1905 year) is in its fundaments, only mechanics of particles and electromagnetism. Two main points of starting of quantum mechanics, solution of problem of thermal radiance, and next solution of photoelectric phenomenon, both refer only to problem of particles of electromagnetic waves.
If we are trying to express gravitation correctly we must go out beyond limitations that are accepting at the ground of electromagnetism (which were created old theory of quantums and its descendant, quantum mechanics, in one hand, it was a Planck's constant value, and first theory of relativity of Einstein, at the other hand, it was constant value of speed of light) and designate new field for phenomenon of gravitation. We must use different measurement for gravitation and different measurement for electromagnetism." Also in this article I have proposed new borders for gravitation.
We can say that there is, very much smaller than length of Planck, size right for quantums of gravitation, it is a new base very small size value is about 10^-50 m (above part of this paragraph is from year 2012).
In the first generation of particles (see paragraph 3), space changes state and creates matter. These particles are actually made of space, only space in an altered state. Gravitons are made of space. This space in the case of gravitons is in an altered state (this also applies to particles at a level close to the level of gravitons that build matter). Gravitons are bulges of space. Due to the curvature of space, they acquire an attractive charge. These are the basics of Quantum Gravity (the above part of this paragraph is from year 2023). 3. Galactical model of subquark particles Electrons, quarks and gluons possess internal structure, consist of quadrillion of particles of size about 10^-35 m [they correspond with photons], these then from quadrillion of particles about 10^-50 m [they correspond with gravitons]. To confirm legitimacy of assuming of hypothesis of internal structure of smallest from hitherto known structural subatomic particles as electrons, quarks and gluons it can be invoked the theory of science created by A.Comte (see after text Comte's Theory of Science).
diagram 1. Galatical model
Every following field uses in a large extent from previous, sociology from biology - theory of evolution, biology
from chemistry - an example biochemistry, chemistry from physics - even if structure of atom and periodic table,
physics from astronomy. Invoking astronomy it can be in physics reach eg. conception of existence of atoms and
their internal structure - stars, planets, planetary system. It can be also reach models applied in conception
of subquark particles and QG. It is galactical, and cosmical model. Mystery of dark matter can be explained in this way that preonical particles possess mass (the above part of this paragraph is from year 2014).A more careful analysis of the galactical model leads to the conclusion that there are more types of particles of the right type. Types of stars, by supergiants, giants, dwarfs, all the way to the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy would correspond to the types of these particles. Cosmical model analysis leads to similar conclusions, where the types of particles would correspond to the appropriate types of galaxies.
In addition, it can be assumed that there are types of photon-like particles and corresponding waves with significantly higher speeds than the speed of light. So there are non-electromagnetic waves far above the speed of light (the above part of this paragraph is from year 2019).
Particles much faster than photons are related to the cosmical model and sizes in the order of 10^-50 m. One can imagine building devices equipped with antennas for superelectromagnetic communication. The speed of such communication would be enormous, for example, communication with a base on Pluto could take less than a second.
Main particle from the galactical model will correspond to a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. Perhaps quarks are made of such particles. One can also consider the hypothesis that these particles are micro black holes that have ended their lives as particles, by evaporating. These evaporating micro black holes can produce all the particles from the galactical model (compare stars in the galaxy). The only issue is that these particles can also be building blocks of, for example, quarks.
The bonds of particles from the galactic model and higher models are probably - like quark-gluon bonds - indecomposable. All particles from the galactical model are somehow related to the main particle of the model, which is related to the rotation of the galaxy where the center is a supermassive black hole (black star). There are three types of galaxies, spiral, elliptical and irregular, just as there are three kinds of particles, electrons, quarks and gluons. The largest particles in the galactic model would correspond to hypergiant stars (the above part of this paragraph is from year 2023). 4. Mainly rubbish fills present physics, for example - cosmical branes giving beginning to big bang and creating other universes, multidimensionality, strings existing in 10 dimensions, string theory, microbubbles, hyperspace and so on. They are products of exuberant speculation completely detached from reality. We need to get out of the nonsense of current physics. Today's physics is dominated by pathological speculations such as string theory and hyperspace.
And several words about atomistic paradigm of Natural Sciences. Against claims of such philosophers as Popper atomism does not descend from metaphysical speculations. Democritus took over this view from Hindus during his travels in the east, conception of atoms existed there at the very latest about VIII century BC, and was based on paranormal perceptions of yogis - a source could be only paranormal activity, but for sure not philosophical speculation, in Europe spherical atoms appeared not before XIX century AD. (year 2014) 5. Theory of everything (TOE) Two theories which modern physics is based on is the general theory of relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM). GR refers to great phenomena in cosmic scales, where gravity works. QM refers to phenomena in microscale, relates to particles and interactions. Years of research have shown that these two theories work well in experiments. On the other hand they are incompatible with each other. This inconsistency is revealed in very much small scale, Planck scale. To solve it, one should discover the theory showing a deeper reality, it will be the TOE, explaining all phenomena in the universe.
The TOE, it will be a concept where space creates matter. And more specifically the square microgrid of space, 10^-65 m in size creates matter by twisting (more precisely, it creates the smallest particles by twisting, and these combine into larger particles). This is similar to computer simulations from 1980's of XX century, where the simulation grids gave images of three-dimensional objects. This microgrid is like a mental simulation, but it is not, it was perhaps created in a conscious act of creation. The basis for matter is square microgrid of space sizes in the order of 10^-65 m. So matter is made of space. (the above part of this paragraph is from years 2019 and 2024).
The concept of a square microgrid of space is compatible with the holographic concept, as this microgrid probably exists in two dimensions. Gravity would be the concave bending of this microgrid (see diagram 2), under the influence of its accumulation in the form of matter which it creates by twisting. Gravitons are formed directly from this microgrid, and through its concavity they acquire an attractive charge. Gravitons are bulges of the considered microgrid. Other particles from a level close to the level of gravitons hang from the considered microgrid as if on a string.
diagram 2. Represents gravity in two-dimensional space. The picture is closer to the truth than you might think. Gravity is actually the concavity of a two-dimensional square microgrid, of course this microgrid is much finer than shown in the image above.
The Theory of Everything I have presented is different from the theory of gravity itself and is more fundamental than the theory of gravity.In my early twenties, I observed a square microgrid of space through quasiparanormal perception (observing animate matter at the lowest possible level). I encourage readers to observe this structure for themselves. It is easy to notice that the presented concepts have some similarity to the concepts of Leonard Susskind, Gerardus 't Hooft (The Holographic Principle) and Lee Smolin (Loop quantum gravity). Among ancient theories, apart from atomism, we can find another one equally useful theory created by the Greek sophist Gorgias who lived in the 5th century BC, which turns out to be helpful in searching for the TOE. In the work On Non-Existence we can find the first thesis of this theory: nothing exists. This concept may seem correct from the point of view of the theory of space as a basis, this nothingness of Gorgias would be the emptiness of space, the vacuum. So nothingness could be understood as a vacuum. This is a weaker version of the concept of nothingness. A stronger version would assume true nothingness as a basis. The symbol of matter is a ball (circle). Let's take planets, stars, atoms and particles. The square shape of the microgrid follows from the order of geometric forms, one of the basic geometric forms is the square. Reduction of all processes to basic geometric forms can be justified. Above the microgrid, i.e. space-time, or rather spacetimematter, there is a sphere of simple, ideal geometric forms (this concept resembles the Platonic doctrine, except that it does not contain abstract ideas). All phenomena can be reduced to geometry. (the above part of this paragraph is from year 2023) My concept of STM - spacetimematter shows that matter can be smoothly converted into vacuum (space), and vacuum (space) can be smoothly converted into matter. We obtain an analogous approach in the case of microgrid. In this way, all the necessary components of all chemical and physical substances can be obtained. In order to prevent shortages in the resources of certain material substances in the future, it will be possible to use such a conceived synthesis from vacuum (space), i.e. direct synthesis from microgrid. After obtaining the simplest matter from microgrid, it can then be synthesized into heavier matter and so on to atomic matter with any selected characteristics.
Of course, after the exhaustion of natural resources after about a thousand years of technical culture, one can imagine the synthesis of appropriate substrates from Earth's crust. This would be a transfer of matter from Earth's crust to matter with any selected characteristics. Of course, this form of synthesis from Earth's crust will be less technically sophisticated and easier than synthesis from microgrid. (year 2024) 6. Solution of the problem of Wave-particle duality, condensing, perceptual and interference models One of the biggest puzzles is the problem of how light in classical physics can be a wave, while in quantum physics it is in the form of photons or particles. The light ray is a wave but the energy transmits matter in the form of photons. Thus, it can also be assumed that any other particle, for example a moving electron, can be a wave of matter. The existence of matter waves was confirmed in 1927. Also in 1927 the uncertainty principle was formulated, stating that it is impossible to measure the position and momentum of a particle with unlimited accuracy. The issues considered are related to the problem of wave-particle duality.
Wave-particle duality, the property of matter, for example electrons, in that in some conditions the wave character is manifested, and in others corpuscular character. Wave properties are revealed by diffraction and interference phenomena. Classical physics could not explain, for example, the photoelectric phenomenon, the adoption of the concept of a discrete radiation structure enabled solving this difficulty. Electron diffraction has shown that molecules have wave properties in addition to their corpuscular properties. Current theory assumes that all molecules have both wave and corpuscular character. This fact has been checked not only for elementary particles but also for composite particles such as atoms. Recognition of the dual nature of matter is the basis of modern physics.
So far, considered duality remains a mystery, this is my explanation of this enigma. The problem of wave-particle duality is in fact a problem of trichotomy, where the third state are fields. At the explanation of this problem it is possible to invoke phenomenon of three states of concentration of the matter, the solid state, liquid and gas. This phenomenon determines the model for the problem of trichotomy in the microworld. Three states of concentration of the matter it is possible to implement by the fourth state which is the vacuum. Contractual condensation of the vacuum gives the highest state of concentration, gas. The further condensation gives the liquid state of concentration, still further the solid state of concentration. So the vacuum condenses into fields, fields condense into waves, waves condense into particles - I will correct this model accordingly in a moment. The formation of particles directly from the fields corresponds to gas resublimation. These considerations make for the conclusion that the base for three states of the microworld is the vacuum. So particles, waves and fields are just a condensed form of vacuum (space). On the ground of STM (see paragraph 1) we can reach explanation where particles, waves and fields can be brought to the space.
The vacuum or space itself is in three states, the firstfruits of particle, wave and field matter. First we have the firstfruits of particle matter, the square microgrid, which is what the particles are made of. Later we have the firstfruits of wave matter - asymmetric microgrid, waves are made of it. Then the firstfruits of field matter, straight parallel lines, from which the fields are composed.
So it appears that matter is simply of a threefold nature, because the space from which it arises has a threefold nature. There are three microgrids, a particle microgrid, a wave microgrid, and a field microgrid.
Vacuum (space) has a threefold nature depending on the degree of rarefaction. The most compact is the square microgrid, corresponding to solid bodies. The asymmetric microgrid, corresponding to fluids, is more rarefied. The most rarefied is the linear microgrid corresponding to gases. The fourth hypothetical state of space is nothingness, a higher vacuum without any structures, or maybe with some very rarefied and very simple structures. This means that in a certain case the space would be truly empty, as it seems in the ordinary way of perceiving it.
In the original model, I assumed that vacuum condenses into fields, fields condense into waves, and waves condense into particles. In the current model, I assume that the vacuum (space) itself is in the appropriate four states and is itself subject to internal condensation through subsequent states corresponding to vacuum, fields, waves and particles. The basis and state corresponding to vacuum is Nothingness. Vacuum, fields, waves and particles are the state of space. The second proposed model, interference, assumes that particles are created by interference of waves (see diagram, crossing waves).
diagram 3. Interference of waves. This is how particles can be created.
This is the simplest and most probable model, although the second model retain their full usability, in fact, this model is an extension of the previous one. Waves are created by vibrations of fields, and fields are a vacuum state.
The above explanation to the wave-particle duality mystery is consistent with my original condensation model, where the vacuum condenses into fields, fields into waves, and waves into particles (although the internal space condensation model also needs to be taken into account, reconciliation of these models is a work in progress). Just as we have three or rather four states of matter: vacuum, gas, liquid, solid. The condensation model corresponds to these basic states of matter. So, for example, particles are just a condensed form of vacuum (space), which is consistent with my previously presented results (see paragraph 5. Theory of everything (TOE)). So we have a unified explanation of both TOE and wave-particle duality based on the notion of vacuum (space) as a basis. In both cases we are dealing with a condensation of space. 7. Popper's Falsificationism seems to be wrong because the theory tests always strive to confirm it or confirmation and not refute it. So this concept is not unreliable with the actual way science is practiced. From the point of view of scientific research, striving to refute the theory seems to be a kind of nonsense and is something illogical.
For example, General Relativity found confirmation in the Mercury orbit anomalies that Newton's theory could not explain. This confirmation is treated as proof of the validity of the theory. Of course, you can give more examples.
Knowledge is inherently uncertain, as the ancient skeptics have already demonstrated. Therefore, science must use invalid inferences. Induction inferences is one of the basic types of inference of empirical sciences. These are uncertain inferences. Deductive inferences belong to the field of formal sciences such as mathematics and logic. On the basis of empirical science, the use of deduction is not meaningfully possible. By the way, ancient skeptics have also undermined the credibility of the deduction. Popper's falsificationism is a delusion of deductive certainty. (year 2019) 8. Regarding paragraph 1, thus, objects that move away decrease and objects that move closer enlarge. This can be called an ordinary contraction and dilatation, respectively. This ordinary phenomenon confirms the validity of the assumption about the unity of space and matter, and therefore also due to the concept of space-time on the unity of time, space and matter. (year 2020) 9. Black holes, Big-Bang On the basis of the supercosmical model of subquark particles, we can obtain an explanation of the mystery of black holes. The use of quantization produces specific results. Alleged black hole is a kind of black star - with size about a star for our galaxy - consisting from condensate of small particles corresponding with gravitons. Black because does not let go photons. More suitable name than black hole is for this object name black star. So called event horizon is identical with its surface, so called Schwarzschild radius relates to its real radius. Inside the black star in the center of our galaxy, there is a singularity in which the tunnel with a not big cross-section (about 2 meters) opens and leads in to the a dead body the size of a planet in a big distance (probably other galaxy). This body is dead after some time has passed since the black star at the center of our galaxy has gone dormant and is no longer taking in new material. The surface of the black star is relatively solid and about 1 km thick, with a liquid mass hidden beneath it.
The theory of the black star is justified by the fact that it logically complements the sequence of stars, including white dwarfs, neutron stars, strange stars, preon stars, up to a black star.
I should add also that primeval sinagularity which was a beginning of Universe had size not a very small particle but a size of the order of 4 inch. Thus there was no period of inflation and this concept must fail. The previous concept of the big bang, where we are dealing with extremely small sizes of the original singularity, seems to be nonsense. To assume the existence of such a small object for the entire cosmos is nonsense. The Big Bang can be compared to a supernova explosion, where a certain mass limit (for a supernova it is the Chandrasekhar limit) determines the moment of the explosion (I created the black star theory in 2012, only originally black star without a tunnel). (year 2023, 2024) 10. Antigravity Drive Antigravitons or antiparticles of gravitons can be used in the construction of an antigravity drive because they probably generate antigravity. The propulsion of the antigravity vehicle will be a miniature anti black hole with an antisingularity inside, built from antiparticles to particles at the level of gravitons. Another possibility is a drive built with an antisingularity. Thanks to antisingularity, we obtain a convexity of the microgrid of space, instead of its concavity as is the case with gravity. So, visions of flying cars from science fiction movies can be put into practice. (year 2021) 11. In 2015 Japanese scientists sent 1.8 kilowatts of electricity using microwaves over a distance of 55 meters. Also Japanese scientists from JAXA (Japanese Space Exploration Agency) assume that around 2040 it will be possible to send electricity from Earth's orbit. What I would like to note is the fact that in the distant future it will be possible to send electricity directly from the Sun through wireless channels. 12. What is the nature of time? A microgrid of space, 10^-80 m in size creates matter. In fact, a space microgrid can also be a time microgrid. Because of the concept of space-time. This microgrid is of course also a microgrid of matter, which is consistent with STM (see paragraph 1 and 8) and can be treated as a microgrid of space, time and matter. Time has a discontinuous yet continuous nature. (year 2019) 14. I know from my own research experience that the most important concept for the entire theory of science is the process of scientific discovery. The physical model of the psychological process of discovery is the strike of lightning. Discovery is a mental flash, the manifestation of a higher intellectual process. Larger discoveries are usually a manifestation of a scientist's genius. Certain competences in the form of the knowledge accumulated by the scientist are required to be discovered.
A mystery can move from the level above reason to the area of discovery and the level of reason. What hides in darkness and mystery can sometimes come to light and discovery. This darkness can be illuminated by a flash of discovery. Thus, we can distinguish two most important cognitive orders, the order of mystery and the order of discovery. Notes on chaos theory. In addition to the so called deterministic chaos that would exhaust the domain of the chaos problem, I distinguish indeterministic chaos. As an example of the phenomenon of indeterministic chaos, we can give the television noise visible on television receivers from the second half of the 20th century when no program was broadcast. Of course, more examples of this type of chaos can be given. Indeterministic chaos encompasses the general issue of chance, any random phenomenon.
When it comes to processes occurring in the cosmos, we are dealing with an interplay of chance and order, determinism and indeterminism, in a proportion of about half to half. This position can be described as indeterminismodeterminism. Perhaps it would be more reasonable to adopt a division in the golden ratio, where determinism takes up 0.618 and indeterminism 0.382. If indeterminism took up a larger part, we would generally be dealing with chaos, and yet we have a fairly orderly world.
An example of order that can be revealed in indeterministic chaos is presented below. It is so called visualization of quaternary numeral system (developed by me in 2010, more in my text: Visualizations of quaternary, ternary and quinary numeral systems), below visualization of random numbers and these numbers in decimal and quaternary numeral sytems:
diagram 4. An example of order in indeterministic chaos.
781, 744, 537, 929, 684, 145, 490, 282, 296, 259, 450, 24, 402, 821, 450, 751, 747, 530, 728, 269, 787, 458, 788, 335, 590, 53, 332, 268, 534, 434, 839, 941, 750, 256, 678, 984, 479, 365, 414, 11, 850, 991, 479, 417, 505, 26, 171, 571, 371, 179, 114, 102, 348, 303, 264, 377, 639, 682, 182, 939, 208, 129, 333, 50, 483, 873, 369, 619, 150, 631, 837, 528, 909, 608, 689, 826, 332, 145, 613, 81, 374, 105, 989, 700, 20, 542, 895, 77, 99, 938, 787, 81, 507, 321, 446, 69, 1007, 946, 438, 258, 668, 45, 213, 629, 465, 469, 583, 177, 521, 669, 122, 608, 95, 458, 894, 386, 496, 924, 281, 91, 88, 652, 156, 400, 511, 894, 461, 862, 484
30031, 23220, 20121, 32201, 22230, 02101, 13222, 10122, 10220, 10003, 13002, 00120, 12102, 30311, 13002, 23233, 23223, 20102, 23120, 10031, 30103, 13022, 30110, 11033, 21032, 00311, 11030, 10030, 20112, 12302, 31013, 32231, 23232, 10000, 22212, 33120, 13133, 11231, 12132, 00023, 31102, 33133, 13133, 12201, 13321, 00122, 02223, 20323, 11303, 02303, 01302, 01212, 11130, 10233, 10020, 11321, 21333, 22222, 02312, 32223, 03100, 02001, 11031, 00302, 13203, 31221, 11301, 21223, 02112, 21313, 31011, 20100, 32031, 21200, 22301, 30322, 11030, 02101, 21211, 01101, 11312, 01221, 33131, 22330, 00110, 20132, 31333, 01031, 01203, 32222, 30103, 01101, 13323, 11001, 12332, 01011, 33233, 32302, 12312, 10002, 22130, 00231, 03111, 21311, 13101, 13111, 21013, 02301, 20021, 22131, 01322, 21200, 01133, 13022, 31332, 12002, 13300, 32130, 10121, 01123, 01120, 22030, 02130, 12100, 13333, 31332, 13031, 31132, 13210
Gregory Podgorniak, Poland
Comte's Theory of Science
According to him whole of sciences consists of theoretical and applied knowledge. Theoretical
knowledge divide on general fields as physics or biology, which are an object of his research and detailed
such as botany, zoology or mineralogy. Main fields mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry,
biology and sociology it is possible to order according to decrescent range of research and
complicatedness of theoretical tools what is connected with growing complexity of investigated
phenomenones. Following sciences are based on previous, for example to methodically capture chemistry,
we must imply acquaintance of physics, because all chemical phenomena are more complicated than
physical phenomena, are also from them dependent and themselves do not have on them an influence.
Similarly sciences classified as earlier, are older and more advanced from these which are presented
as later. This theory is clearly analogous to Mariotte's Law.
Mariotte's Law
Edme Mariotte (1620-1684) French physicist, meteorologist, physiologist. He initiated meteorological
research and measurement.
In his Discourse on the Nature of Air (1676) coined the word barometer
and formulate basic tenet of physics called Mariotte's law states that at constant
temperature T volume V of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional as its pressure
p:
pV = constant
its graph is hyperbole:
pV = const = nrT
p = rT / V
about the author, My name is Gregory Podgorniak (brn. 01.1977, Szczecinek, West Pomerania, Poland). I am working
on field of natural as well as social sciences. During philosophical studies at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan (1996-1999)
I was actively act in student scientific organisation, got a scientific scholarship, and one from my articles titled Circulus vitiosus and fourfold petitio principii in the system of Descartes was published in Humanistic Drafts of Publishing House of Humaniora Foundation in Poznan, no. 6, 1998. Unfortunately certain fate events
made impossible to me continuing studies to master's and later doctor's degree. Thence I was forced to be content only with a title of bachelor.Thanks to deep and penetrating researchings I was able to establish indisputably some number of my past incarnations reaching of ancient period, these data are certain, these incarnations are: Auguste Comte (1798-1857) French philosopher and sociologist, Edme Mariotte (1620-1684) French physicist and meteorologist, Bodhidharma (5th or 6th century) buddhist patriarch, Aenesidemus (1 st century BC) Greek sceptical philosopher, Arcesilaus (315-241 BC) Greek sceptical philosopher, Gorgias (485-380 BC) Greek sophist. email contact: podgorniakgre@gmail.com see also my text: How to increase your IQ level ? How to improve your IQ ? map of my research
